6) Fiducia and Trust

Learning outcomes:
- Students explain the concept of trust in common law systems, including its historical origins and development through equity.
- Students identify the key elements of a trust, such as equitable obligations, fiduciary duties, and duality of ownership.
- Students distinguish between legal and equitable ownership.
- Students compare different types of trusts (express, resulting, constructive) and their methods of creation.
- Students evaluate the reception of trusts in civil law jurisdictions, including challenges and adaptations.
- Students describe the unique features of the Quebec trust (fiducia) and its concept of patrimony by appropriation.
- Students assess how the Czech trust model aligns with the Quebec approach and its implications for Czech law.

Relevant provisions of Czech Civil Code: 
Sects. 1400-1474

Case law: 
CA: Royal Trust Co. c. Tucker, [1982] 1 RCS 250
CA: Curran v. Davis, [1933] SCR 283
CA: Banque de Nouvelle-Écosse c. Thibault, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 758, 2004 CSC 29
GB: Earl of Oxford’s Case (1615) 1 Ch Rep 1
GB: Saunders v Vautier (1841) 4 Beav 115

Sources:
* Campagnolo, Y., Grenon, A., Bélanger-Hardy, L. Elements of Quebec Civil Law: A Comparison with the Common Law of Canada. Second Edition. Éditions Yvon Blais, 2025, pp. 167–224.
* Cumyn, M. C. Rapport Général. In: Cumyn, M. C. La fiducie face au trust dans les rapports d’affaires / Trust vs Fiducie in a Business Context. XVe Congrès International de Droit Comparé. Brussels: Bruylant, 1999, pp. 11–30.
 * Dvořák, J.; Švestka, J. a kol. Občanské právo hmotné. Svazek 3. Díl třetí: Věcná práva. Praha: Wolters Kluwer, 2015, p. 180 et seq.
* Emerich Y. Conceptualising property law : Integrating Common Law and Civil Law Traditions. Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. 2018, pp. 235–270.
* Eliáš, K.; Zuklínová, M. Principy a východiska nového kodexu soukromého práva. Praha: Linde Praha a. s., 2001, pp. 191-192.
* Frinta, O. Private Law in the Czech Republic – Development, Presence and Prospects, In Moon, J.; Tomášek, M. et al. Law Crossing Eurasia. From Korea to the Czech Republic. Passau-Berlin-Prague: rw&w, 2015, pp. 63-89.
* Hayton, D., Matthews, P., and Mitchell, Ch. Underhill and Hayton: Law of Trusts and Trustees. 17th edition. London: LexisNexis Butterwoths, 2006, p. 2.
* Hudson, A. Equity and Trusts. Sixth Edition. Routledge-Cavendish, 2010, pp. 3–67.
* Ryan, K. W. The Reception of the Trust in the Civil Law. University of Cambridge, 1959, pp. 2–55.
* Lederer, V. Fiducie a svěřenský fond. Praha: Wolters Kluwer ČR, 2021, p. 45 et seq.