10) Determination of Parenthood. Surrogacy. Adoption.

Learning outcomes:
- Students distinguish between the concepts of parent, parentage, parenthood, and parental responsibility, and explain legal, biological, and social dimensions of parenthood.
- Students interpret the scope and limitations of the child’s right to know their origins in accordance with ECtHR case law.
- Students identify and compare traditional and modern methods of determining parentage.
- Students analyse the principle “Mater semper certa est” in historical and contemporary legal contexts, and assess its relevance in light of surrogacy and baby-boxes.
- Students explain the concept of surrogacy and identify different models how legal system treats this issue.
- Students explain the evolution of paternity determination rules, and critically assess ECtHR case law and Czech legal presumptions of paternity.
- Students discuss historical and modern approaches to child abandonment and analyse the legal status of abandoned child and controversies surrounding baby-boxes and anonymous births.
- Students describe the historical development of adoption and its transformation from property-based to child-centered institution, including the main elements of Czech legislation on adoption.

Relevant provisions of Czech Civil Code: 
Sects. 775-793
Sects. 794-854

Case law:
ECtHR: Odièvre v. France, Application no. 42326/98
ECtHR: Godelli v. Italy, Application no. 33783/09
ECtHR: Yildrim v. Austria, Application no. 34308/96
ECtHR: Rasmussen v. Denmark, Application no. 8777/79
ECtHR: Kňákal v. the Czech Republic, Application no. 39277/06
ECtHR: Shofman v. Russia, Application no. 74826/01
ECtHR: Mizzi v. Malta, Application no. 26111/02
ECtHR: Paulík v. Slovakia, Application no. 10699/05
CZ: ConCourt Case No. I. ÚS 3226/16
UK, House of Lords: Ampthill Peerage Case [1977] AC 547

Sources:
* Eliáš, K.; Zuklínová, M. Principy a východiska nového kodexu soukromého práva. Praha: Linde Praha a. s., 2001, pp. 167-172.
* Frinta, O. Private Law in the Czech Republic – Development, Presence and Prospects, In Moon, J.; Tomášek, M. et al. Law Crossing Eurasia. From Korea to the Czech Republic. Passau-Berlin-Prague: rw&w, 2015, pp. 63-89.
* Frintová, D. Komentář k 775-793. In Zuklínová, M.; Elischer, D.; Nová, H. a kol. Občanský zákoník. Komentář. Svazek II. 2. vyd. Praha: Wolters Kluwer ČR, 2023, pp. 295-383.
* Frintová, D.; Frinta, O. Surrogacy from the Czech perspective: „past the point of no return“. In Mostowik, P. (ed.). Fundamental legal problems of surrogate motherhood. Global perspective. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Institutu Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości, 2019, pp. 659-707.
* Hrušáková, M.; Králíčková, Z.; Wesphalová, L. a kol. Rodinné právo. Praha: C. H. Beck, 2015, pp. 127-180.
* Radvanová, S.; Zuklínová, M. Kurs občanského práva. Instituty rodinného práva. Praha. C. H. Beck, 1999, pp. 73-91.
* Schwenzer, I.; Dimsey, M. Model Family Code from a Global Perspective. Antwerpen – Oxford: 2006, pp. 96-127.
* Zuklínová, M.; Dvořák, J.; Švestka, J. a kol. Občanské právo hmotné. Svazek 2. Díl druhý. Rodinné právo. Praha: Wolters Kluwer ČR, 2016, p. 26-67; 69-105.